Influence of site conditions on the survival of Fagus sylvatica seedlings in an old-growth beech forest

Following a full mast production in autumn 1995 in the old growth beech forest of la Tillaie, France, cupules, live and dead yearling seedlings were counted in September 1996 in 40 plots, embracing a wide range of ecological conditions. The influence of geomorphology and forest stage on mast production and on seedling establishment and survival was studied. Maximum seedling abundance did not occur in areas with the largest cupule abundance, but this result was not statistically significant. The presence of a shallow sandstone table under Fontainebleau sand, where beech is far from its optimum, influenced positively the production of mast but negatively influenced seedling survival. Contrary to all expectations, the early biostatic rather than the late biostatic phase seemed to be the best stage for beech regeneration. Gaps also provide good environmental conditions for seedling establishment. Humus and light conditions, water availability and competition between beech individuals may explain the results. Light was the main factor influencing mast production in mature stages, and drought was an important factor causing seedling mortality. This study points out the importance of seedling survival for regeneration patterns in beech forests.